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Showing posts from June, 2025

Digital Floodgates: Lessons from the Bowman Dam Hack

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  Preface: Modern dam control systems are using IoT technologies like smart sensors, PLCs, remote access gateways and cloud-based dashboards to improve operational efficiency and real time monitoring. But this connectivity makes them vulnerable to serious cybersecurity threats and turns critical infrastructure into targets of modern warfare. Threat actors can exploit weaknesses like weak authentication, unpatched firmware or unsecured communication protocols to gain access, manipulate dam operations, disable alarms or launch coordinated cyber physical attacks. These IoT based intrusions can cause catastrophic flooding, disrupt emergency response or be synchronized with kinetic strikes in hybrid warfare scenarios. So protecting such systems requires a multi layered security approach that includes network segmentation, zero trust architecture, encrypted communication, firmware validation and continuous monitoring with AI driven anomaly detection. Case-study: The Bowman Avenue Dam u...

IPTV Over MPLS Using MVPN – Reliance Jio Scenario

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  Insight: IPTV over MPLS backbone using MVPN (Multicast VPN) is a key solution for service providers to deliver high quality, scalable multicast content – live TV, video on demand, streaming media – to a geographically dispersed subscriber base. In this architecture, each IPTV customer is put into a dedicated VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding instance), so traffic is isolated and multi-tenant. The IPTV multicast streams, typically sourced from a central headend, are sent via multicast groups (e.g. 239.1.1.1 for Aaj Tak, 239.1.1.2 for Star Sports) using PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode) within the customer’s VPN. These multicast routes are then signaled across the MPLS core using BGP with the MCAST-VPN SAFI (Subsequent Address Family Identifier 129) feature of Next-Generation MVPN (NG-MVPN). On the transport side, the multicast traffic is encapsulated and transported across the MPLS backbone using mLDP (Multipoint LDP) or RSVP-TE to form a P2MP (Point-to-M...